Aesthetic and craniofacial surgery is a surgical subspecialty of plastic surgery and oral and maxillofacial surgery that deals with congenital and acquired deformities of the skull, face, jaws, neck, head and other structures. The use of external titanium cranial implants for prosthetic reconstruction in the head and neck region was developed from the pioneering work of Branemark, Briene, Adell Lindstrom, and other investigators in the late 1960s and early 1970s.